■•:■■      -,    ■■■■      .     .     ■    ;-.■■■•      ■        .      ■       ,  ■  .,-.  ^  £ 


5? 


UC-NRLF 


sb  m  bi4 


\  -,:•'>' '. 

/       ''','/ 

DEPARTMENT  pf  THE  INTCRi 
Franklin  K.  Lane/Secittary- 
NATIONAL  PARK  SERVICE 

J,  ROCKS, 
fR  DE  MONTS 
KENT 

THE  COASTAL  SETTIN< 

AND  WOODS  OF  THE  SIEU 

NATIONAL  MONUI 

*hp*"p 


\ 

*     jf-: 

r  ?  .j     .   .  •.•■'     *£  •  .     •■  -s> 

£?*M£ 


"MB 


WASHINGTON 

GOVERNMENT  PRINTING  OFFICE 

1917 


Further  papers  on  the  Sieur  de  Monts  National  Monument  may  be 
obtained,  with  other  information,  from  the  custodian,  Sieur  de  Monts 
National  Monument,  Park  Road  and  Main  Street,  Bar  Harbor,  Me. 


THE  COASTAL  SETTING,  ROCKS,  AND  WOODS  OF  THE 
SIEUR  DE  MONTS  NATIONAL  MONUMENT. 


INTRODUCTION. 

By  George  B.  Dorr. 

The  following  description  of  the  Maine  coast  and  appeal  for  the  pres- 
ervation of  its  beauty  and  freedom  to  the  public  in  appropriate  tracts 
was  written — in  somewhat  ampler  form — nearly  30  years  ago  by  Charles 
Eliot,  the  landscape  architect,  who  drew  from  his  summers  at  the  island, 
the  home  influences  that  surrounded  him,  and  the  bent  of  his  own  mind 
a  love  of  nature  and  a  will  for  public  service  that  enabled  him  to  leave 
behind  him,  when  his  day  closed  suddenly  in  the  fullness  of  his  early  man- 
hood, an  enduring  monument  in  important  public  work  initiated  and.  in 
ideas  that  other  men  could  make  their  own  and  build  into  their  work  in 
turn.  What  he  then  said  can  not  be  better  said  today;  the  importance 
of  action  which  he  foresaw  so  clearly  and  felt  so  strongly  has  only  become 
more  evident  and  more  urgent  with  each  passing  year. 


THE  COAST  OF  MAINE. 

By  Charles  Eliot. 

"pROM  Cape  Cod,  Massachusetts,  to  Cape  Sable,  Nova  Scotia,  the  broad 
entrance  of  the  Gulf  of  Maine  is  200  miles  wide,  and  it  is  100  miles 
across  from  each  of  these  capes  to  the  corresponding  end  of  the  Maine 
coast  at  Kittery  and  Quoddy.  Thus,  Maine  squarely  faces  the  gulf's  wide 
seaward  opening,  while  to  the  east  and  west,  beyond  her  bounds,  stretch 
its  two  great  offshoots,  the  Bays  of  Fundy  and  of  Massachusetts.  The 
latter  and  lesser  bay  presents  a  south  shore,  built  mostly  of  sands  and 
gravels,  in  bluffs  and  beaches,  and  a  north  shore  of  bold  and  enduring 
rocks — both  already  overgrown  with  seaside  hotels  and  cottages.  The 
Bay  of  Fundy,  on  the  other  hand,  is  little  resorted  to  as  yet  for  pleasure; 
its  shores  in  many  parts  are  grandly  high  and  bold,  but  its  waters  are 
moved  by  such  rushing  tides  and  its  coasts  are  so  frequently  wrapped  in  fog 
that  it  will  doubtless  long  remain  a  comparatively  unfrequented  region. 
Along  the  coast  of  Maine  scenery  and  climate  change  from  the  Massa- 
chusetts to  the  Fundy  type.  At  Boston  the  average  temperature  of 
July  is  700;  at  Kastport  it  is  6i°.  No  such  coolness  is  to  be  found  along 
the  Atlantic  coast  from  Cape  Cod  southward,  and  this  summer  freshness 
of  the  air  must  always  be  an  irresistible  attraction  to  many  thousand 
dwellers  in  hot  cities.     Again,  in  contrast  with  the  low  beaches  farther 


521293 


4  .    ,SMU?.  DB*  MO N"TS' NATIONAL    MONUMENT. 

south,  the  scenery*  61" the*  *M'a*ihe*  Coast  is  exceedingly  interesting  and 
refreshing.  The  mere  map  of  it  is  most  attractive.  From  the  Piscata- 
qua  River,  a  deep  estuary  whose  swift  tides  flow  through  an  archipelago 
of  rocks  and  lesser  islands,  to  Cape  Elizabeth,  a  broad  wedge  of  rock 


Copyright  by  Dr.  Robert  Abbe. 

Mount  Desert  Island  as  seen  from  an  aeroplane  toward  sundown.      Photograph  from 
relief  map  made  by  Dr.  Robert  Abbe  of  New  York. 

pushed  out  to  sea  as  though  to  mark  the  entrance  to  Portland  Harbor, 
the  coast  is  already  rich  in  varied  scenery;  but  there  another  type,  wilder, 
more  intricate  and  picturesque,  begins.  Casco  Bay,  with  its  many 
branches    running   inland    and    its   seaward-stretching   peninsulas   and 


SIEUR  DE   MONTS   NATIONAL   MONUMENT.  5 

islands,  is  the  first  of  a  succession  of  bays,  thoroughfares,  and  reaches 
which  line  the  coast  almost  unceasingly  to  Quoddy.  The  mainland 
becomes  lost  behind  a  maze  of  rock-bound  islands;  the  salt  water  pene- 
trates by  deep  and  narrow  channels  into  the  very  woods,  ebbs  and  flows 
in  and  out  of  hundreds  of  lonely,  unfrequented  harbors,  discovers  count- 
less hidden  nooks  and  coves.  Sand  beaches  become  rare,  and  great  and 
small  "Sea  Walls "  of  rounded  stones  or  pebbles  take  their  place.  Except 
at  Mount  Desert,  great  cliffs  occur  but  seldom  until  Grand  Manan  is 
reached,  while  mountains  come  down  only  to  the  open  sea  at  Mount 
Desert;  but  the  variety  of  lesser  topographic  forms  is  great. 

The  general  aspect  of  the  coast  is  wild  and  untamable,  an  effect  due 
partly  to  its  own  rocky  character  and  storm-swept  ledges,  but  yet  more 
to  the  changed  character  of  the  coastal  vegetation.  Beyond  Cape  Eliza- 
beth capes  and  islands  are  wooded,  if  at  all,  with  the  dark,  stiff  cresting  of 
spruce  and  fir,  interspersed  perhaps  with  pine  and  fringed  by  birch  and 


Copyright  by  National  Geographic  Society. 

View  of  Frenchmans  Bay  and  the  Gouldsborough  Hills  from  a  mountain  trail  in  the 

National  Monument. 

mountain  ash.  One  by  one  familiar  species  disappear  as  the  coast  is 
traversed  eastward,  and  northern  forms  replace  them.  The  red  pine 
first  appears  on  Massachusetts  Bay,  the  gray  pine  at  Mount  Desert;  the 
Arbor-vitae  is  first  met  with  near  Kennebec ;  the  balsam  fir  and  the  black 
and  white  spruces  show  themselves  nowhere  to  the  south  of  Cape  Ann, 
nor  do  they  abound  until  Cape  Elizabeth  is  passed.  It  is  these  somber 
coniferous  woods  crowding  to  the  water's  edge  along  the  rugged  shore 
which  give  the  traveler  his  strong  impression  of  a  wild  sub-arctic  land 
where  strange  Indian  names — Pemaquid,  Megunticook,  Eggemoggin,  or 
Schoodic — are  altogether  fitting. 

The  human  story  of  the  coast  of  Maine  is  almost  as  picturesque  and 
varied  as  its  scenery.  This  coast  was  first  explored  by  Samuel  de  Cham- 
plain,  whose  narrative  of  his  adventure  is  still  delightful  reading.     Fruit- 

81507°— 17 2 


6  SIEUR   DE   MONTS   NATIONAL   MONUMENT. 

less  attempts  at  settlement  followed,  led  by  French  knights  at  St.  Croix, 
French  Jesuits  at  Mount  Desert,  and  English  cavaliers  at  Sagadahock; 
all  of  them  years  in  advance  of  the  English  Colony  at  New  Plymouth. 
Then  followed  a  long  period  of  fishing  and  fur  trading,  during  which 
Maine  belonged  to  neither  New  France  nor  New  England.  Rival  French- 
men fought  and  besieged  each  other  in  truly  feudal  fashion  at  Penobscot 
and  St.  John.  The  numerous  French  names  on  the  eastern  coast  bear 
witness  still  to  the  long  French  occupation  there;  as,  for  instance,  Grand 
and  Petit  Manan,  Bois  Bubert,  Monts  Deserts  and  Isle  au  Hault,  and 
Burnt  Coat — English  apparently,  but  really  a  mistranslation  of  the 
French,  Cote  Brule. 

No  Englishmen  settled  east  of  the  Penobscot  until  after  the  capture  of 
Quebec;  when  they  did,  more  fighting  followed  in  the  wars  of  the  Revo- 
lution and  of  1 812.     The  settlers  fished  and  hunted,  cut  hay  on  the  salt 


Copyright  by  National  Geographic  Society. 

The  top  of  Newport  Mountain  under  whose  shadow  at  the  close  of  day  Champlain 
must  have  sailed  when  he  first  reached  the  island. 

marshes,  and  timber  in  the  great  woods;  then,  in  later  times,  took  to  ship- 
building. These,  the  occupations  of  a  wild  and  timbered  coast,  still  form 
its  business  in  great  part.  The  fisheries  are  an  abiding  resource  and 
fleets  of  more  than  two  hundred  graceful  vessels  may  be  often  seen  in 
port  together,  waiting  the  end  of  a  storm.  Hunting  is  carried  on  at 
certain  seasons  in  the  eastern  counties,  where  deer  are  numerous,  and 
innumerable  inland  lakes  and  streams  are  full  of  trout.  The  large  pines 
and  spruces  of  the  shore  woods  have  long  since  been  cut,  but' Bangor  still 
sends  down  the  Penobscot  a  fleet  of  lumber  schooners,  loaded  from  the 
interior,  every  time  the  wind  blows  from  the  north. 

It  was  in  the  early  sixties  that  what  may  be  called  the  discovery  of  the 
picturesqueness,  the  wild  beauty  and  refreshing  character  of  the  Maine 
coast  took  place.  Then,  through  the  resort  to  it  of  a  few  well-known 
landscape  painters,  the  poor  hamlet  of  Bar  Harbor  leaped  into  sudden 
fame  and  it  became  evident  that  the  whole  coast  had  an  important 


SIEUR   DE   MONTS   NATIONAL   MONUMENT.  7 

destiny  before  it  as  a  resort  and  summer  home.  Now,  summer  hotels  are 
scattered  all  along  its  shores  to  Frenchmans  Bay,  and  colonies  of  summer 
villas  already  occupy  many  of  the  more  accessible  capes  and  islands. 

The  spectacle  of  thousands  upon  thousands  of  people  spending  annually 
several  weeks  or  months  of  summer  in  healthful  life  by  the  seashore  is 
very  pleasant,  but  there  is  danger  lest  this  human  flood  so  overflow  and 
occupy  the  limited  stretch  of  coast  which  it  invades  as  to  rob  it  of  that 
flavor  of  wildness  which  hitherto  has  constituted  its  most  refreshing 
charm.  Yet  it  is  not  the  tide  of  life  itself,  abundant  though  it  be,  which 
can  work  the  scene  such  harm.  A  surf -beaten  headland  may  be  crowned 
by  a  lighthouse  tower  without  losing  its  dignity  and  impressiveness ;  a 
lonely  fiord  shut  in  by  dark  woods,  where  the  fog  lingers  in  wreaths  as  it 
comes  and  goes,  still  may  make  its  strong  imaginative  appeal  when  fisher- 
men build  their  huts  upon  its  shore  and  ply  their  trade.  But  the  ines- 
capable presence  of  a  life,  an  architecture  and  a  landscape  architecture 
alien  to  the  spirit  of  the  place  may  take  from  it  an  inspirational  and 
re-creative  value  for  work-wearied  men  no  economic  terms  can  measure. 

The  United  States  have  but  this  one  short  stretch  of  Atlantic  seacoast 
where  a  pleasant  summer  climate  and  real  picturesqueness  of  scenery  are 
to  be  found  together;  can  nothing  be  done  to  preserve  for  the  use  and 
enjoyment  of  the  great  body  of  the  people  in  the  centuries  to  come  some 
fine  parts  at  least  of  this  seaside  wilderness  of  Maine  ? 


THE  GEOLOGY  OF  MOUNT  DESERT 

Condensed  by  George  B.  Dorr  from  a  Government  report  by  Nathaniel  S.  Shaker 
and  later  study  by  William  Morris  Davis. 


[Statement  approved  by  the  U.  S.  Geological  Survey.] 


THE 


mountains  of  the  Mount  Desert  range  are  by  far  the  highest 
of  the  many  mountainous  hills  that  rise  above  the  rolling  lowland 
of  southern  and  southeastern  Maine.  Long  ago  this  lowland,  far  more 
extensive  seaward  then,  was  tilted  toward  the  south  until  its  southern 
portion  passed  beneath  the  ocean,  to  form  the  platform  of  the  Gulf  of 
Maine,  while  its  northern  portion  gradually  ascended  inland  till  it  finally 
took  on  in  the  interior  the  character  of  a  plateau.  The  tilted  lowland, 
in  the  portion  that  remained  above  the  ocean  level,  became  scored  by 
numerous  stream-cut  valleys,  following  down  its  gentle  slope  toward  the 
sea;  since  these  were  excavated  the  coastal  region  has  again  been  slightly 
lowered,  carrying  the  whole  shore  line  farther  inland,  changing 
many  a  land  valley  into  a  long  sea  arm  and  isolating  many  a  hilltop  as 
an  outlying  island.  Associated  with  this  later  change  of  level  there 
came  a  period  of  arctic  climate  which  covered  the  region  with  a  deep 
sheet  of  ice  such  as  that  which  holds  possession  now  of  Greenland — then 
less  arctic  than  New  England  possibly.  The  slow  southward  and  sea- 
ward flow  of  this  vast  mass  of  frozen  water  stripped  from  the  land  its 
ancient  soil,  wore  down  the  hills,  deepened  the  valleys,  and  pushed  the 
accumulated  debris  before  it  to  form  the  present  fishing  banks  upon  the 
ancient  coastal  plain,  the  Cape  Cod  sands,  and  the  deep  gravels  of  Long 
Island,  besides  blocking  on  its  way  the  course  of  innumerable  streams 
and  damming  them  to  create  the  myriad  lakes  and  meadowlands  which 
make  Maine  famous  now  as  one  of  the  greatest  inland  fishing  regions  in 
the  world. 


8 


SIEUR   DE   MONTS   NATIONAL   MONUMENT. 


The  lowland  from  which  the  mountainous  hills  of  Maine  rise  up  is 
not,  like  the  coastal  lowlands  to  the  southward  of  Cape  Cod,  a  recently 
emerged  sea  bottom,  still  for  the  most  part  as  smooth  as  when  the  ocean 


Copyright  by  National  Geographic  Society. 

Rock  formed  by  coastal  deposit  in  an  ancient  ocean  at  a  period  antedating  any  present 
trace  of  life  on  land.  The  strata  formed  by  seasonal  rains  are  still  plainly  to  be 
seen  in  the  foreground;  the  cliff  beyond,  of  more  resistant  character,  has  been 
molten,  compressed,  and  hardened  by  volcanic  agencies. 

covered  it.  It  is  low  in  spite  of  having  been  strongly  uplifted  long  ago; 
it  is  low  because  the  ancient  alpine  heights  that  occupied  it  once  have 
been  worn  down  by  age-long  denudation  and  have  slowly  wasted  away 
under  the  ceaseless  attack  of  the  atmosphere. 


SIEUR    DE    MONTS    NATIONAL   MONUMENT. 


The  boldly  uplifted  range  of  Mount  Desert  is  one  of  the  most  stubborn 
survivors  of  that  ancient  highland,  and  the  beauty  of  the  island  as  seen 
from  the  sea,  unparalleled  along  our  whole  Atlantic  coast,  is  due  to  its 
persistent  retention  of  some  portion  of  the  height  which  the  whole  region 
once  had  but  which  nearly  every  other  part  of  it  has  lost. 

Although  the  noble  granitic  rocks  that  form  this  range  rest  quiet  and 
cold  in  their  age  to-day,  they  were  once  hot  and  energetic,  pressing 
their  way  upward,  as  a  vast  molten  mass,  toward — and  overflowing 
possibly — the  ancient  surface  of  the  land.  The  massive  granite  stretches 
east  and  west  across  the  island,  inclosed  wherever  the  attack  of  ice  or 
sea  has  failed  to  lay  it  bare  by  rocks  of  a  wholly  different  origin  and 
character.  At  first  these  other  rocks  are  seen  as  isolated  fragments  in- 
cluded in  the  granite;  the  fragments  then  become  more  frequent  until 


Pegmatite  dike  filling  a  rift  in  the  granite  of  Pemetic  Mountain. 

solid  rock  of  their  own  type,  strangely  twisted  and  contorted,  begins  to 
take  the  granite's  place,  as  in  the  wonderful  displays  at  Great  Head  and 
Hunter's  Beach  Head;  further  on,  the  granite  is  only  seen  penetrating 
these  other  rocks  in  long,  narrow  crevices,  as  on  Sutton  Island;  at  last 
it  ceases  entirely,  and  the  rocky  floor,  wherever  it  can  be  observed,  is 
wholly  formed  by  rocks  like  those  first  seen  as  fragments  caught  and 
frozen  in  the  cooling  granite.  Near  the  margin  of  its  area,  again,  the 
granite  is  finer  textured  than  where  erosion  has  laid  bare  its  ancient 
depths,  as  in  the  mountain  gorges;  for  it  is  the  way  of  igneous,  or  fire- 
formed,  rocks  when  crystallizing  from  a  molten  state  to  develop  smaller 
crystals  and  finer  texture  near  their  boundaries,  where  the  cooling  is 
more  rapid. 

This  fine  texture  of  the  margin  of  the  granite,  the  inclusion  of  angular 
and  freshly  broken  fragments  of  the  regional  rocks  within  its  borders, 


IO  SIEUR   DE   MONTS   NATIONAL   MONUMENT. 

and  the  penetration  of  the  regional  rocks  themselves  by  narrowing  gra- 
nitic arms  or  dikes,  clearly  show  that  the  granite  is  the  later  comer,  and 
that  it  came  molten,  breaking  its  way  with  tremendous  power  into  the 
ancient  rocky  crust  under  some  vast,  compelling  pressure;  at  last,  when 
the  impelling  forces  were  satisfied,  it  came  to  a  halt  and  slowly  froze  into 
a  rigid  mass,  holding  in  its  grasp  innumerable  fragments  gathered  from 
the  rent  and  fractured  walls,  whose  cracks  it  fills. 

This  granitic  outburst  is  the  greatest  event  in  the  geologic  history  of 
Mount  Desert.  It  was  of  colossal  magnitude.  The  energy  of  its  intru- 
sion can  not  be  conceived.  Not  that  the  intrusion  was  suddenly  accom- 
plished, for  no  conjecture  can  be  made  as  to  the  time  it  took,  but  that  it 
was  effected  against  enormous  resistances  and  involved  the  movement 
of  gigantic  masses. 

The  granite  mass  disclosed  in  these  ancient  monuments  of  the  geologic 
past  is  at  least  a  dozen  miles  in  length  and  four  or  five  in  breadth  at 
widest,  with  roots  far  wider  spread  beneath  the  level  of  the  present  sur- 
face. No  one  can  give  a  measure  of  the  greater  height  to  which  it  once 
ascended,  and  he  would  be  a  daring  geologist  who  would  set  a  limit  to 
the  unsounded  depths  from  which  it  rose.  The  uprising  may  have  re- 
quired many  historic  ages;  it  may  have  been  relatively  rapid;  but  that 
it  was  progressive,  not  instantaneous,  is  clearly  to  be  seen  upon  examina- 
tion of  the  granite  margins. 

The  bare  ledges  and  cliffs  of  the  southeastern  coast  especially  afford 
wonderfully  clear  illustrations  of  the  molten  stone's  intrusive  processes. 
Here  we  may  follow  the  upward-driven  granite  forcing  its  way  into 
narrowing  cracks  among  the  older  rocks;  there  great  fragments  of  the 
older  rocks  have  been  caught  up  in  it  and  partly  melted  by  its  heat  per- 
haps. Sometimes  a  block  of  the  ancient  regional  stone  may  be  seen 
divided  by  granite-filled  fissures  whose  fractured  walls  can  still  be  matched 
with  certainty,  striking  instances  of  which  are  shown  on  the  eastern  side 
in  the  narrows  of  the  Somes  Sound  fiord.  The  now  rigid  granite  then 
yielded  so  perfectly  under  the  heat  and  tremendous  pressures  acting  on 
it  as  to  penetrate  the  narrowest  cracks  and  crevices,  following  them  down 
to  hairlike  fineness.  Nowhere  in  the  world,  indeed,  may  the  geologist 
or  traveler  find  better  or  more  impressive  illustration  of  the  manifold 
processes  of  deep-seated  intrusion  than  on  the  wave-swept  ledges  of  the 
island's  southern  coast  between  Somes  Sound  and  Frenchmans  Bav. 


SIEUR   DE   MONTS   NATIONAL   MONUMENT.  I  I 

THE  WOODS  OF  MOUNT  DESERT 

By  Edward  L.  Rand,  Secretary  of  the  New  England  Botanical  Society  and  author 
of  "  The  Flora  of  Mount  Desert. " 

A/TOUNT  Desert  Island  has  an  area  of  over  one  hundred  square  miles. 
The  ocean  surges  against  it  on  the  south;  broad  bays  enclose  it  on 
the  east  and  west,  and  at  its  northernmost  extremity  a  narrow  passage 
only  separates  it  from  the  mainland.  Its  outline  is  very  irregular, 
like  that  of  the  Maine  coast  in  general,  with  harbors  and  indentations 
everywhere.  The  largest  of  these,  Somes  Sound,  a  long,  deep  fiord  run- 
ning far  into  the  land  between  mountainous  shores,  nearly  bisects  the 
island.     There  are  some  13  mountains — bare  rocky  summits  varying  in 


Schooner  Head  and  the  entrance  to  Frenchmans  Bay  seen  from  the  summit  of  a 
splendid  cliff.     The  sea  horizon  from  this  point  lies  over  30  miles  away. 

height  up  to  over  1,500  feet  and  lying  in  a  great  belt  from  east  to  west; 
between  them  deep,  blue  lakes  are  sunk  in  rocky  beds.  To  the  north, 
the  northwest  and  the  southeast,  the  surface — of  a  different  geologic 
structure — is  relatively  flat,  with  lower  and  more  undulating  hills  and 
broad  stretches  of  meadow  land  and  marsh.  On  the  southeast  and  east 
the  mountains  approach  closely  to  the  shore,  ending  in  a  coast  of  precipi- 
tous cliffs  and  bold,  rocky  headlands  that  has  long  been  famous.  No- 
where else  on  the  Atlantic  coast  is  there  such  a  wonderful  combination  of 
natural  scenery  as  this  island  possesses;  nowhere  is  there  another  spot 
where  shore  and  mountain  are  so  grandly  blended.  For  years  it  has 
been  renowned  as  the  crowning  glory  of  the  beautiful,  countless-harbored 
coast  of  Maine. 


12 


SIKUR    DE    MONTS    NATIONAL   MONUMENT. 


The  forests  of  Mount  Desert  Island  were  once  full  of  wealth,  and  full 
of  wealth  they  still  would  be  if  the  lumbermen  had  not  done  their  work 
so  well.  High  up  on  the  mountain  sides,  through  the  mountain  gorges, 
along  the  borders  of  the  lakes  and  streams,  everywhere  to  the  water's 
edge,  the  great  trees  growing  on  the  thin  but  rich  wood-soil  were  taken 
out,  as  one  may  plainly  see  by  their  huge  rotting  stumps  to-day.  The 
importance  of  preserving  the  woods  which  still  remain  no  lover  of 
Nature  can  question.     They  are  infinitely  precious  as  a  part  of  the  wild 


Glacial  boulder  in  a  forested  mountain  valley  70c  feet  above -the  sea. 

scenery  of  the  place  and  for  their  wonderful  attraction  to  the  city- 
wearied  man  or  woman  in  search  of  a  summer  home  and  resting-place. 
What  the  island  was  in  the  early  days  of  its  primeval  beauty,  when 
Champlain  sailed  along  its  shore  and  for  a  century  after,  lies  far  beyond 
the  possibility  of  conjecture  now.  Yet  some  idea  of  what  these  woods 
once  were  may  still  be  gained  from  a  few  favored  spots  where  portions 
of  the  ancient  forest  yet  remain,  and  much  of  their  original  beauty  may 
be  brought  back  if  steps  are  taken  to  preserve  them  now  and  protect 
from  consuming  forest  fires  the  all-important  humus  in  their  soil. 


Binder 

Gaylord  Bros. 

Makers 

Syracuse,  N.  Y. 

PAT.  M  21,  1908 


521293 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA  LIBRARY 


mm 


^■'-pi''*!>~-*$? 


■   '    ■:.   . :    : :   .,■■■*■.-.■     :■■;  .--  :      -    -    *  --v-l. 

I  ■  f   » 

■ 


